The Three Branches Of American Government - 1837 Words

Cade Braas Jon Boxleitner AP Government 8/26/15 The Three Branches of American Government â€Å"It matters enormously to a successful democratic society like ours that we have three branches of government, each with some independence and some control over the other two. That s set out in the Constitution.†(Sandra Day O’connor). In order for a government that is for the people and by the people to survive the government has to change with its people. This is seen by the United states government. While it still has the three branches originally established, the branches have changed with themselves and with how they interact with each other. The Legislative branch was formed in 1789 with the 1st congress. The first congress contained 65 representatives, 37 of them were pro-administration and 28 of them were anti-administration.(About the First Federal Congress (1789-1791). Also there were 26 senators.(â€Å"About the First Federal Congress (1789-1791†) The role of this congress was to demonstrate the US constitution s framework. This congress also helped to answer questions and address the concerns that were brought about during ratification. The 1st Congress set up the rules and procedures for the House and the Senate. The Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate were established by the congress. This congress was tasked with taking care of revolutionary war debt and the deciding where the future Capital would be located, however, they never established the locationShow MoreRelatedAssignment1183 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance in shaping American government. †¢ Self-Government: Self- Government is when the people of a country get to create their own rules and doesn’t have outside governments making decisions for them. This helped shape the American government by giving citizens of our country the responsibility to and the right to have a say in the rules that are being created. †¢ Separation of Powers: Separation of Powers is when the government shares power between the three branches which are executiveRead More The 3 Branches of the American Government Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe 3 Branches of the American Government The constitution was established by men who had experienced the dictatorships of Europe and had escaped from its grasp. They sought to establish a form of government that would never allow a dictatorship or tyrant ruler to hold power over the people like in the places they had fled. With their creation of the foundation of what our government is today they created a system where 3 branches were all of equal power and each could be overruled by anotherRead MoreEssay on The Three Branches of Government1079 Words   |  5 Pages The United States government braces its power among three powerful branches, legislative, executive and judicial. These branches interact with one another to establish authority that is strong, yet equal to have power over the country. Each branch pursues certain responsibilities and duties to operate in an efficient and effective manner in which society upholds. The executive, legislative and judicial branches all interact amid each other to validate accuracy of the nation’s most powerful lawRead More The U.S. Constitution: Checks Balances Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. Constitution is the foundation of American governance. Since its creation in 1878, the Constitution remains as the foundation of governance for the Republic and stands as the oldest living Constitution in the world. To prevent a tyranny of the majority will – or of one part of governance – it became necessary to ensure the several branches of government remained separate. To ensur e that one of these branches did not trump the other branches, the Founders crafted – within the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Structure of the American Government1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe 3 Branches of Government The constitution was established by men who had experienced the dictatorships of Europe and had escaped from its grasp. They sought to establish a form of government that would never allow a dictatorship or tyrant ruler to hold power over the people like in the places they had fled. With their creation of the foundation of what our government is today they created a system where 3 branches were all of equal power and each could be overruled by another which preventedRead MoreA Brief Explanation of the United States Government830 Words   |  3 Pagesstable and efficient government structure. The United States government consists of three branches designed to check and balance each others power. There have been times when a branch has overstepped its realm of power and been met with objections from the other branches. Each branch contributes to a different aspect of maintaining law and order and the overall well being of U.S citizens. For the most part, the three branches try to work together in harmony to serve the American people. The firstRead MoreThe Seperation of Powers and the American Constitution Essay529 Words   |  3 PagesPowers and the American Constitution When the founding fathers wrote the Constitution they came up with a revolutionary idea which is known as the seperation of powers. This incorperated a system which protected the principles on which the constitution was based, such as avoiding tyranny and forming a more perfect union. The way the seperation of powers work is known as vertical and horizontal. The vertical seperation of powers has three different branches, the FederalRead MoreSystem of Checks and Balances in America Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1787 the United States of America Constitution, written by America’s forefathers, established a revised plan of government for the United States of America. The United States of America Constitution proclaims its purpose in its Preamble: â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordainRead MoreThe Kingdom Of Morocco : A Constitutional Monarchy1072 Words   |  5 Pageswritten constitution formed the glue between the three branches of power – the legislative, the judicial and the executive. In Morocco, there is in fact no written constitution, despite the fact that there is a constitution, consisting of numerous sources and not only one like in th e USA. The American Constitution is flexible as it has Amendments added to it, making it possible to change as time goes by. The Kingdom of Morocco, has a unitary form of government in which there are no states. As well as aRead MoreThe Theory, Separation Of Powers With Checks And Balances, And Divided Government1456 Words   |  6 Pagesit so difficult to accomplish anything in American government? The answer lies within three features of American government: the Hyperpluralist theory, separation of powers with checks and balances, and divided government. All these aspects of government result in gridlock, â€Å"a condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy, so nothing gets done† (19). The first element of government that halts progress in America is the hyperpluralist

Gender Communication Differences in Traditional Marriage Free Essays

A gender image of one’s self is first presented to a child by his/her parents. It is through the behaviors learned, the characteristics that are reinforced and the inappropriate gender traits that are punished that we, as humans, are able to grasp our larger role in society. These early concepts of gender identity, behavior and roles also influence how we communicate interpersonally. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Communication Differences in Traditional Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two people of opposite gender joined in marriage have two very different styles of communication to the extent that this problem is sometimes insurmountable. Lack of clear communication between partners in a traditional marriage is often cited as the cause for divorce. Not so long ago, traditional gender roles, combined with an aversion for the stigma of divorce, were a huge factor in the length of a couple’s relationship. Men and women stuck it out for the long run, even when experiencing problems, and a breakdown in communication. Long before technology took over society and created more avenues for communicating with each, men were used to showing support by â€Å"doing things† for the family and women showed their affection through talking (Torrpa, 2002). Women expect their marital relationship to be based on mutual dependence and cooperation while men expect it to be based on independence and competition (Torppa, 2002). Clearly, these two different sets of expectations will have an effect on how the two partners communicate and ultimately, on the strength of the union. The current generation of young adults is waiting longer their parents to make an acceptable marriage match as opposed to the trend of earlier years when marriage the year after high school was expected. The tradition of marriage is still intact, but the demographics are changing. The fact that couples are waiting to tie the knot should also affect their ability to communicate with each other about important issues due to older partners presumably having a better idea of what they want in life and a better grasp on how to communicate it. According to Ohashi (1993) marriage is a system established on the assumption of a division of labor based on gender-role stereotypes (from Katsurada, Sugihara, 2002). Women traditionally tend to want to â€Å"make everyone happy† while men make decisions based largely on their own personal needs (Torrpa, 2002) – one aspect of marriage that is unchanged for the most part yet responsible for many breaks in communication between the partners. Differences in typical gender roles also affect communication between husband and wife. Typically, women are characterized as being the more talkative of the sexes as well as being comfort providers and more secure in showing their emotions. Women are also better at â€Å"reading between the lines† regarding interpersonal issues (Torrpa, 2002). Men, on the other hand, are known for their distinct lack of communication and inability to provide emotional support. Their ability to â€Å"read between the lines† regarding status is more pronounced than in women. With traditional roles in marriage declining and technology taking over, communication is at once both more effective and less available (Morris, 2001) – we have more ways of communicating (e.g. text messaging, Email, etc.) but we have less time to do so with multiple careers. Both male and female partners tend to see the other as being more controlling of the relationship (Torppa, 2002) and without the ability to communicate effectively, this assumption can be quite damaging to the marriage. This paper will explore the varying roles of a man and woman in a traditional marriage relationship, how these roles influence their ability to effectively communicate, and the level of satisfaction each partner feels based on their idea of whether or not they are communicating effectively with each other regarding large issues. According to Torrpa (2002): â€Å"understanding differences is the key to working them out†. References Katsurada, Emiko Sugihara, Yoko (September, 2002). Gender-role identity, attitudes toward marriage and gender-segregated school backgrounds. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. Retrieved September 5, 2007, from the Find Articles Web site: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_2002_Sept/ai_96736800/pg_2. Martinez, J.M., Chandra, A., Abma, J.C., Jones, J. Mosher, W.D. (2006). Fertility, conception and fatherhood: Data on men and women from Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved September 5, 2007 from the CDC Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_026.pdf Morris, Grantley (2001). Improving Communication in Marriage. Retrieved September 5, 2007 from the Web site: http://net-burst.net/love/talk.htm. Torppa, C. B. (2002). Gender Issues: Communication Differences in Interpersonal Relationships. The Ohio State University Extension Program. Retrieved online September 5, 2007 from the OSU Web site: http://ohioline.osu.edu/flm02/FS04.html. Van den Troost, Ann (August, 2005). Marriage in Motion. Sociology Today, Volume 10. Leuven University Press. How to cite Gender Communication Differences in Traditional Marriage, Essay examples

The Law of Attraction free essay sample

The laws of nature do not apply only to earth. Our entire universe follows the same laws. These laws never change. Your coffee on a counter will always become cool. Gravity remains steady never random. The speed of light remains constant. The earth rotates in 24 hours. The laws of physics is a pattern that nature obeys without exception. It is important to understand that all matter is energy. Our thoughts, feelings, and emotions also follow certain laws. Many people are not aware that every thought we think and every emotion we feel has a measurable frequency. We humans are a part of nature. The human body, mind, thought, emotions and feelings are also governed by certain laws. Now, just because we are not able to see thoughts and emotions does not mean that they do not affect the world around us. You cannot see electricity, but it helps people worldwide and no one seems to understand it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Law of Attraction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You cannot see gravity but that does not mean that gravity does not exist. Through visualization, meditation, and affirmations we can attain any goal we set out for ourselves. As humans we have the power to change our reality simply by changing our thoughts and what we focus on. What you focus on and put energy in expands. Visualization can help you to have greater focus, it can inspire you, and it can help build self confidence. With all of this it becomes easier for you to achieve your goals, not to mention you are seeing yourself accomplish these goals in your mind’s eye so your mind starts to believe you can accomplish these goals and starts the process towards those goals. Most people are not aware of this but it is important to understand that our earth is conscious, the same way as every cell in our body is conscious. Every cell and organ in our bodies perform their tasks without any of our voluntary behaviour. It is important to choose your thoughts wisely because the earth and the universe is very receptive to your thoughts, feelings and emotions. It is important to have a vision and visualize how you would like your life to be because it is the first step to achieving your goals and desires. Having a vision of how you want your life to be gives you a sense of direction and a map to follow in order to attain fulfilment in your life. As we visualize and see ourselves having and doing the things we want, we begin to become more confident in ourselves. The more confident you become in yourself, the more you start to do and be, which in turn, builds even more self confidence. It is important to believe in yourself. There is a famous quote by Henry Ford and it goes something like this, Whether you think you can or can`t, you are right. Visualization is also a form of meditation. Simply by visualizing what you desire in life will help you attract opportunities and situations into your life that will guide you to your goal. Neuroscientists have found that mediators shift their brain activity to different areas of the brain. The waves in the stress prone right frontal cortex move to the calmer left frontal cortex. This mental shift decreases the negative effects of stress, depres sion and anxiety. Meditation is a form of soul searching. Through meditation you become in alignment with your true self. Meditation is a fundamental step in the law of attraction. Meditation helps you understand yourself, it helps you understand your values and motivations in life. When a person knows what they are motivated by and what their values are then it becomes easier for them to start taking steps towards attaining their goals. Meditation helps you quite your mind from all of the mental chatter and helps you turn your focus inwards. You will find answers to all of your questions within yourself. There are many different ways one can meditate. Setting in a lotus posture is not the only way to meditate. Listening to music, drawing, looking at art, reading books that challenge and inspire you, yoga, and simply setting or walking in nature is also a form of meditation. There are many physiological, physiological and spiritual benefits to meditation. Through meditation you can overcome many of lifes challenges. Studies show that people that meditate are less prone to illnesses and have the ability to focus better. It is important to have a strong focus because where focus goes, energy flows. Through meditation you become at peace with yourself and all that exists. Meditation is also a way to affirm what you are driven by and what makes you happy. Through meditation you open your heart and make space for all the infinite possibilities that this beautiful universe has to offer. The law of attraction only works for those who have space available for what this life has to offer. Lastly, it is important to affirm yourself on a daily basis. Affirmations are positive, specific statements that helps you overcome negative thoughts. They help you visualize, and believe in, what you are affirming to yourself. Affirmations helps you make positive changes to your life and career. You can use affirmations in any situation where you would like to see positive change take place. You can use affirmations to raise your confidence before presentations, important meetings, and projects. You can also use affirmations to control negative feelings such as frustration, anger or impatience. Affirmations help you improve your self esteem and productivity. As I mentioned earlier, thought and emotions have a frequency. We attract positive people, events, and situations simply by keeping a positive state of mind. Affirmations are a big part of the law of attraction. Also, through affirmations we constantly remind ourselves about our goals and desires. It is a good way to keep yourself on track. It is important to understand that when you keep a positive attitude and mindset you attract like minded people into your life. When you wake up in the morning, take a moment to affirm yourself by saying to yourself , Today is a great day, every situation I come across today is a positive and learning experience and all is well. It is important to form your affirmations in the present tense, this helps you believe that this statement is true right now. It is also important to repeat your affirmations as soon as you start to engage in a negative thought or behaviour. Affirmations are more effective when they are thought or said with feeling. In conclusion, the universe listens to your thoughts and feelings so use this knowledge to your advantage. Your thoughts and beliefs shape and effect how you perform and how you see the world around you. We humans are capable of manifesting anything in our lives as long as we have the right intention and focus. Through visualization, meditation and affirmation we gain the tools to overcome lifes obstacles and become whole as a person. Thoughts send out magnetic energy so it is important to choose your thoughts consciously. We can use the law of attraction as a tool to fulfill our goals. When we are in harmony and alignment with our true selves we also become at peace with the world around us. It is important to understand your values, motives and desires so that you can excel in life which will also set an example for those around you to do the same.

Staffing Organization free essay sample

A plan will be created to deal with employee shortages and surpluses. This document will also provide a strategy for workforce diversity and produce a job requirement job analysis for the store managers and the coffee servers. Employment Relationship From the point of hire, developing a good working relationship is extremely important for all levels; including the owner/ CEO. QC will establish an employer-employee relationship. An employer-employee relationship is best for QC because the staff will work together to settle on the terms of their relationship. All of the employees will be valued, treated respectfully, and paid fair wages. They will also be exposed to a safe and healthy working environment. QC is a business with high morals and their employees will consistently be treated ethically. All employees will have the right to speak freely about any issues or concerns that they have without fearing retaliation. QC will employ three full-time store managers and ten part-time servers. We will write a custom essay sample on Staffing Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They will provide the employees with directions and training. This will inform them that QC has a particular way in which they conduct business. They will strive to provide their patrons with exceptional beverages and service. There will be some routine rules and specifics in which the workers must follow when preparing for the morning and closing at night. Workers will receive all the necessary information and tools pertinent to them as employees. Avoiding Disparate Treatment To maintain good employment relationships with all of their employees QC will have specific policies and procedures in place that everyone must follow. These policies and procedures will help the company be in compliance with state and federal laws. Part of QC’s policy is to be an equal employment employer. All hiring, promotions, or terminations will be made without regards to race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation. To avoid claims of disparate treatment QC will periodically conduct audits on their current policies, practices, and procedures: revising them when applicable. They will analyze their job descriptions, performance appraisal system, and compensation scale to seek out and prevent potential discrimination. QC will train their manager and supervisors on proper interviewing and hiring techniques. Teaching them about the types of questions to ask during an interview and ensuring that they make hiring decisions based off qualifications. QC will conduct a thorough investigation for any claims brought to their attention about discrimination, harassment, and safety. External Influences To be successful and profitable QC must be aware of internal and external changes that will affect their business. They have to be willing to make the necessary adjustments to adapt to the changes. The type of external influence that could possibly hinder staffing for QC is the labor markets; specifically labor demand and supply. Since the customers determines how much labor is needed it is in QC’s best interest to keep the customers satisfied. When customers like QC’s service labor demand will be higher but if they receive poor service than labor demand will be lower. In an effort to keep demands high or steady QC will have customers complete a satisfaction survey in which they will receive a free medium size beverage upon completion; per customer once a month. QC will also conduct training sessions every six months and re-train employees when necessary. When labor supply exceeds labor demand the employees’ hours will need to be reduced. Employee Shortages and Surpluses Dealing with employee shortages and surpluses is a vital part of staffing. It is imperative that QC have enough employees scheduled to avoid delays during peak hours and peak seasons. It is equally important for them to have coverage during holidays and semester breaks. To deal with shortages and surpluses QC will create a quantitative objective that would focus on headcount and operational hours for peak, seasonal, holidays, and semester breaks. QC will form a working relationship with a local staffing agency near the college’s campus. To help with shortages during that time they will leverage from the agency in which they have developed a rapport. Strategy for Workforce Diversity According to Huebsch (n. d. ), â€Å"Workplace diversity strategies aim to increase the number of minorities and people of different cultures and backgrounds who work for a business; this not only helps a business’ public perception but it also proves essential to success in a global society† (Workplace Diversity Strategy). QC will take an active diversity strategy by seeking, appealing to, and recruiting people of various ethnicities. There will be clear communication regarding the business’ diversity strategy and their zero tolerance of discrimination and harassment from anyone; employees, customers, and vendors. The owner of QC will explain and provide training on their equal opportunity employment policy, sexual harassment policy, safety and security policy, and diversity policy for all employees upon hire. They will also conduct refresher training annually or as often as deemed necessary. Job Requirements Job Analysis A job analysis is created with the company’s mission and goals in mind. It is a thorough examination about the requirements, responsibilities, duties, qualifications, and tasks in which the job entails. It is more elaborate than a job description because it can be used for several things such as helping to identify potential candidates, for employment; assisting with the design of the selection tool, and assessing employees’ performance (Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller, p. 154). A job requirements job analysis seeks to identify and describe the specific tasks, KSAOs, and job content for a particular job; it is thoroughly developed and the most commonly used† (Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller, p. 155). In order to identify the tasks, KSAOs, and context of the type of managers and servers they are looking for QC have taken the initiative to conduct a job requirement job analysis for both positions. Store Managers Overview: This is a key position that will contribute to the successfulness of Queen Caffeine Gourmet Coffee Shop. Discretion and confidentiality is of the upmost importance for managing this store. The majority of time will be spent on supervising and directing the workforce, making decisions, preparing schedules, preparing and depositing the finances, ensuring customer satisfaction, and managing safety and security within the store. Job Title:Store Manager Classification:Full Time Exempt Employee Location:Washington, DC Pay Grade:Level III (Base + Commission) OpeningsThree Job Requirements A. Summary of Position Manage all aspects of the store operations to include hiring, training, disciplining, terminating, cash handling, daily deposits, physical inventory/ supplies, and housekeeping. Develop and set goals for the team. Execute and monitor loss prevention. Resolve customer problems and complaints by providing the most favorable solutions. B. Job Duties †¢Plan, communicate, and delegate responsibilities and practices †¢Provide coaching and direction to the team †¢Review and implement key business initiatives †¢Demonstrate a positive attitude by managing with integrity and honesty †¢Collaboratively work with other managers †¢Prepare team work schedule †¢Order and maintain products and goods needed for successful daily operation †¢Maintain sale records: daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annually C. Computer Skills and Systems †¢Windows Operations System †¢MS Office: Word and Excel †¢Oracle/ PeopleSoft/ Kronos †¢POS Register D. Reporting Structure †¢Reports to Queen Caffeine †¢Has five to ten direct reports Business Requirements †¢Assist with the strategic development and operational plans †¢Monitor team members in the direction to obtain operational requirements †¢Provide regular, concise, and accurate communication to the team members †¢Ensure adherence to all applicable state and federal laws †¢Request customer feedback to gain a better understand of needs Employee Requirements A. Education and Training †¢High School Diploma Required †¢Bachelor Degree in Business or Finance Required †¢Five or more years of Management Experience B. Skills †¢Strong leadership †¢Effective communicator †¢Must be able to multi-task †¢Ability to effectively lead, train, and develop Physical Requirements †¢Constant standing and walking †¢Constant reaching and wiping †¢Occasional kneeling, pushing, pulling, and lifting †¢Frequent use of arms, hands, and wrists †¢Must be able to carry up to 40 lbs. Success Factors A. Grow Sales a. Develop a plan to increase sales by at least 5% on a monthly b. Research and implement an employee appreciation incentive c. Decrease inventory waste and loss by 20% quarterly B. Develop Team Members a. Recruit and train b. Reward and discipline c. Set standards and encourage Note: Equal Opportunity Employer; Paid holidays; Religious Culture Recognized; Accrued PTO; Benefits available; Earn bonuses Coffee Servers/ Baristas Overview: This is a key position that will contribute to the successfulness of Queen Caffeine Gourmet Coffee Shop by providing excellent customer service, quality products, and by maintaining a clean inside/ outside working/ sitting environment. Job Title:Server/ Barista Classification:Part Time Non-exempt Employee Location:Washington, DC Pay Grade:Hourly + tips OpeningsTen Job Requirements A. Summary of Position: Maintain regular attendance, be punctual, be considerate of others, follow rules, policies, procedures, and be cognizant of surroundings. Handle cash responsibly to avoid shortages and overages. B. Job Duties †¢Acknowledge customers upon entry to the store †¢Prepare beverages and other products †¢Provide friendly, honest, and calm service †¢Effectively communicate with all team members Demonstrate a positive and respectful attitude †¢Collaboratively work with others †¢Assist with training when necessary C. Computer Skills and Systems †¢MS Office: Excel †¢Kronos †¢POS Register/ Calculator D. Reporting Structure †¢Reports to Store Manager Employee Requirements A. Education and Training †¢High School Diploma/ in the process of obtaining †¢At least one year of customer service experience B. Skills †¢Effective communicator and fast learner †¢Must be able to multi-task †¢Be able to add/ subtract without electronic devises †¢Work friendly and cooperatively with others Physical Requirements †¢Constant talking and expressing †¢Prolonged standing and walking †¢Prolonged reaching and wiping †¢Constant kneeling, pushing, pulling, and lifting †¢Frequent use of arms, hands, and wrists †¢Must be able to carry up to 40 lbs. Note: Equal Opportunity Employer; Paid holidays; Religious culture recognized; Accrued PTO, Limited benefits available, Earn education assistances Conclusion Queen Caffeine (QC) Gourmet Coffee Shop is dedicated and determined to provide the best customer service, beverages, and products to everyone that patronize with their establishment. This document outlined and provided reasons why the bank should approve their loan. QC detailed the type of employment relationship they will establish between their employees. They supplied information on how they would prevent disparate treatment claims and created a plan of action to handle shortages and surpluses. QC concluded their document with a job requirements job analysis for their managers and servers. References Employer Employee Relationships: How to Apply the Common Law Control Test (2012). Retrieved April 19, 2013, from http://www. ssa. ov/section218training/advanced_course_10. htm#1 Heneman III, H. G. , Judge, T. A. , Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2011). Staffing Organizations (7th ed. ). Middleton, WI: Mendota House/ McGraw-Hill. Huesbsch, R. (n. d. ). Workplace Diversity Strategy, Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/workplace-diversity-strategy-4925. html Josephson, M. (2010). Responsibilities in the Employer-Employee Relationships. Retrieve d April 19, 20013, from http://josephsoninstitute. org/business/blog/2010/12/responsibilities-in-the-employer-employee-relationship/

Free Essays on Why The Concept Of Heroes Survives The Centuries

could describe the gods and heroes of Greek and Roman mythology. They possess incredible strength, they have horses that fly, or are immortal. â€Å"He was wise, he saw mysteries, and knew secret things, . . .† is a description of Gilgamesh. (Sandars 12) According to Sandars â€Å" . . . the gods gave [Gilgamesh] a perfect body . . . endowed him with beauty . . . endow... Free Essays on Why The Concept Of Heroes Survives The Centuries Free Essays on Why The Concept Of Heroes Survives The Centuries WHY THE CONCEPT OF HEROES SURVIVES THE CENTURIES For centuries, society and literature have revered and idolized extraordinary individuals called ‘heroes.’ The word hero brings to mind several images: strength, bravery, determination. Heroes have been part of human cultures for thousands of years. Gilgamesh is recognized as the original superhero, followed by many others including Hercules and Odysseus, Spiderman and Rambo, George Patton and Todd Beamer. Heroes in â€Å"The Iliad† by Homer such as Agamemnon, Achilles, and Hector, all exhibit courage, strength, and perseverance. Our history books are filled with accounts of heroic actions. Daily newscasts report stories about heroes in all walks of life. Students often question why study ancient works of literature. One reason is that readers of ancient literature are treated to some of the greatest superhero stories ever written. What makes the stories even more fascinating is that the most enduring epic, â€Å"Gilgamesh,† is nearly 4,800 years o ld. (Lawall, â€Å"Gilgamesh† 10). No matter which era, our heroes have these and other certain traits in common. The most unexplained quality is that of being a â€Å"common person† or â€Å"regular guy.† These qualities explain why the concept of cultural heroes survives the centuries. Proving that history repeats itself, some of today’s superheroes pull tendencies from the legendary heroes of mythology. As an example, consider Superman. He is tall and handsome. He is smart. He can also fly, is practically invincible, and is the strongest of men. These words could describe the gods and heroes of Greek and Roman mythology. They possess incredible strength, they have horses that fly, or are immortal. â€Å"He was wise, he saw mysteries, and knew secret things, . . .† is a description of Gilgamesh. (Sandars 12) According to Sandars â€Å" . . . the gods gave [Gilgamesh] a perfect body . . . endowed him with beauty . . . endow...

Definition and Examples of Confirmation Bias

Definition and Examples of Confirmation Bias In argumentation, confirmation bias is the tendency to accept evidence that confirms our beliefs and to reject evidence that contradicts them. Also known as  confirmatory bias. When conducting research, people can make an effort to overcome confirmation bias by deliberately seeking evidence that contradicts their own viewpoints. The concepts of perceptual defense bias and the backfire effect are related to confirmation bias. The term confirmation bias  was coined by English cognitive psychologist Peter Cathcart Wason (1924-2003) in the context of an experiment he reported on in 1960. Examples and Observations The confirmation bias is a consequence of the way perception works. Beliefs shape expectations, which in turn shape perceptions, which then shape conclusions. Thus we see what we expect to see and conclude what we expect to conclude. As Henry David Thoreau put it, We hear and apprehend only what we already half know. The truism, Ill believe it when I see it might be better stated Ill see it when I believe it.The potent effect of expectations on perception was demonstrated in the following experiment. When subjects were given a drink that they thought contained alcohol, but in fact did not they experienced reduced social anxiety. However, other subjects who were told they were being given nonalcoholic beverages when they were, in fact, alcoholic did not experience reduced anxiety in social situations. (David R. Aronson, Evidence-Based Technical Analysis. Wiley, 2007) The Limits of Reason Women are bad drivers, Saddam plotted 9/11, Obama was not born in America, and Iraq had weapons of mass destruction: to believe any of these requires suspending some of our critical-thinking faculties and succumbing instead to the kind of irrationality that drives the logically minded crazy. It helps, for instance, to use confirmation bias (seeing and recalling only evidence that supports your beliefs, so you can recount examples of women driving 40 mph in the fast lane). It also helps not to test your beliefs against empirical data (where, exactly, are the WMD, after seven years of U.S. forces crawling all over Iraq?); not to subject beliefs to the plausibility test (faking Obama’s birth certificate would require how widespread a conspiracy?); and to be guided by emotion (the loss of thousands of American lives in Iraq feels more justified if we are avenging 9/11). (Sharon Begley, The Limits of Reason. Newsweek, August 16, 2010) Information Overload In principle, the availability of a great deal of information could protect us from the confirmation bias; we could use information sources to find alternative positions and objections raised against our own. If we did that and thought hard about the results, we would expose ourselves to a valuable dialectical process of objections and replies. The problem is, though, there is too much information to pay attention to all of it. We must select, and we have a strong tendency to select according to what we believe and like to believe. But if we attend only to confirming data, we deprive ourselves of the opportunity to have well-reasoned, fair, and accurate beliefs. (Trudy Govier, A Practical Study of Argument, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2010) The  Backfire Effect and Affective Tipping Points The strongest bias in American politics is not a liberal bias or a conservative bias; it is a confirmation bias, or the urge to believe only things that confirm what you already believe to be true. Not only do we tend to seek out and remember information that reaffirms what we already believe, but there is also a backfire effect, which sees people doubling down on their beliefs after being presented with evidence that contradicts them.So, where do we go from here? Theres no simple answer, but the only way people will start rejecting falsehoods being fed to them is by confronting uncomfortable truths.  Fact-checking is like exposure therapy for partisans, and there is some reason to believe in what researchers call an effective tipping point, where motivated reasoners start to accept hard truths after seeing enough claims debunked over and over. (Emma Roller, Your Facts or Mine? The New York Times, October 25, 2016) Perceptual Defense Bias Like other biases, the confirmation bias also has an opposite which traditionally has been termed perceptual defense bias. This process refers to the automatic discounting of disconfirming stimuli that protect the individual against information, ideas or situations that are threatening to an existing perception or attitude. It is a process that encourages the perception of stimuli in terms of the known and familiar. (John Martin and Martin Fellenz, Organizational Behaviour and Management, 4th ed. South Western Educational Publishing, 2010) Confirmation Bias on Facebook [C]onfirmation bias- the psychological tendency for people to embrace new information as affirming their pre-existing beliefs and to ignore evidence that doesn’t- is seeing itself play out in new ways in the social ecosystem of Facebook. Unlike Twitter- or real life- where interaction with those who disagree with you on political matters is an inevitability, Facebook users can block, mute and unfriend any outlet or person that will not further bolster their current worldview.​Even Facebook itself sees the segmentation of users along political lines on its site- and synchronizes it not only with the posts users see but with the advertisements they’re shown. (Scott Bixby, The End of Trump: How Facebook Deepens Millennials, Confirmation Bias. The Guardian [UK], October 1, 2016) Thoreau on Chains of Observations A man receives only what he is ready to receive, whether physically, or intellectually, or morally, as animals conceive their kinds at certain seasons only. We hear and apprehend only what we already half know. If there is something which does not concern me, which is out of my line, which by experience or by genius my attention is not drawn to, however novel and remarkable it may be, if it is spoken, I hear it not, if it is written, I read it not, or if I read it, it does not detain me. Every man thus tracks himself through life, in all his hearing and reading and observation and traveling. His observations make a chain. The phenomenon or fact that cannot in any wise be linked with the rest which he has observed, he does not observe.(Henry David Thoreau, Journals, January 5, 1860)

Literature Review about the franchising in hospitality industry Term Paper

Literature Review about the franchising in hospitality industry - Term Paper Example Hotels’ operating budgets need to select the right markets for growth, the best partners with experience and the ability to handle different clients effectively while also developing partnerships with the franchisee and the local cultures. â€Å"In order to work effectively with local people, we need to examine their values, norms, beliefs, relationships, and many other cultural characteristics† (Shakerin, 2006, p.1). When large hotels desire to expand their businesses overseas to foreign markets, it makes sense to select local investors to operate their establishments so that better connections can be made with foreign clients. If these customer service elements were to be managed by corporate offices, expatriate costs and training costs could be quite large. Franchising allows opportunities to reduce these high costs by inviting investment from overseas and allowing like cultural leaders to run the business units. â€Å"Leaders expecting to be effective in multi-cultural environments have to develop awareness of different cultural dimensions most central to their customers† (Shriberg & Kumari, 2008, p.20). If Marriott Hotels, as one example, decided to expand their presence into India, it would make the most sense to inspire an Indian investor to take on the responsibility of managing a Marriott franchise. This type of local investor maintains the cultural awareness and social skills necessary to satisfy local customers more than an expatriate manager sent overseas to govern the hotel. Geert Hofstede described the elements of culture that drive local tastes and preferences. In individualistic societies, people are self-expressive and put their personal goals and interests ahead of others (Blodgett, Bakir & Rose, 2008). In collectivist countries, such as India, people are more family-oriented and tend to believe in the rights and needs of the group. These are important

General Managemnet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Managemnet - Research Paper Example Functions of Management Planning Planning in management is the manner through which a group of people, mainly the directors and other officials get together and make decisions on what should happen in future. Moreover, these officials take up the task of providing a plan for action (Kochan 165). Organizing This is the function of management where the managers and directors implement the plans set up. This involves understanding the relationships that the workers have with each other and trying to maximize the usage of available resources in an effort to attain the objectives set. Staffing Staffing is the process of analyzing job prospects for the incorporation of the best people to complete various tasks in an organization. The incorporation of these people is through recruitment and hiring of personnel. Directing The upper management of an organization looks through the various practices an organization goes through and offers the best ideas on what should be done and assigns the mo st favorable people to do so (Griffin 92). Controlling The authority in a given organization goes through the work carried out by various people in an effort to understand their progress with regard to the set goals. Motivation Motivation is important in an organization as through this, personnel get encouraged on the best way forward and work in an enthusiastic manner with a goal in mind (Lutz 24). The chart below is an illustration of all the functions of management Levels of Management There are different types of managers in a given organization and this depends on the power that each of them bears. Top Level Managers This is the highest group of managers and it consists of the board of directors and the Chief Executive Officer of the organization. This group of people has the task of controlling all the activities that take place in an organization. It is their responsibility to develop strategies for the company and mobilization of outsourced resources (Dale 125). Middle Level Managers Middle level management is the level of management in an organization that consists of department managers and branch managers. Most of the work carried out by these people is the directing of the various processes within an organization. They also serve as the link between the top and lower management. This is from the fact that when the lower management wishes to pass some information to the top management, the middle level managers have the task of going through the information and passing it on (Peter 11). Accordingly, when there is the establishment of new policies in the organization, the middle level managers have the responsibility of passing the information to the lower level managers. First Level Managers This level consists of supervisors mostly whose work is observing the manner in which the lower personnel work with the basic function of coordinating their activities and offering advice on the most appropriate way to carry out functions for the optimal success of an organization. According to Lawrence Kleiman, these managers are imperative to a company as they offer the basis for motivation and performance feedback that are vital for the success of any institution (Kleiman 78). How Management is Relative to my Dream As I was growing up, I always admired the manner in which power ran down from the top position all the way down to the lower leve

William Blake- subject, language and form Essay Example for Free

William Blake- subject, language and form Essay Blakes poems put forward a powerful social message which reflects the time in which he was writing. With reference to at least five of his poems, show how Blake achieves this through his use of subject, language and form In this essay I will be analysing five of Blakes poems which are A Poison Tree, The Chimney-Sweeper (experience), The Chimney-Sweeper (innocence) London and The Human Abstract. Each of Blakes poems has a powerful social message, and my aim is to analyse the message he is trying to portray through these poems. The subject, language and form his poems uphold are some of the main devices that help put forward his opinion at his present time, the 18th century. The powerful social message Blake was trying to convey to his readers was human suffering during his era, he showed this through his poems which marks his sympathy. At this day and age modern readers understand Blake as a writer and see the message he is trying to put forth through his poems. Although in his time, Blake was considered very strange. Born in 1757 into a Christian but non conformist London family, most of his life he spent in London. In 1783 he published his first volume of poems. Many changes were taking place in Blakes society, between 1750 and 1850, late 18th century the industrial revolution was changing the society through huge revolutions in technology in England. England changed from a rural population made from agriculture to a manufacturing society consisting of factories. Oppression of women and children was apparent so they worked for lower wages. Employment laws did not exist yet, some may have had to work up to 14 hour days with low wages. Now a days, these things are seen as wrong, throughout the 18th-19th century employing children and women with low wages and others with ridiculously long hours was seen as normal and no action was taken against it by either the establishment, monarchy or church, this caused Blake to be against all establishments which did not try and help the problems 18th century England was facing. Blake, being the rare few of many in England, became aware of these faults. His views were similar to our contemporary day. Many writers were moved by the industrial revolution. They felt it was important to shine light on the poor conditions of the working class and use of child labour. This change changed the attitudes of those living in England, many rich well off people became ignorant towards the conditions many poor, lower class, people were facing. The attitude of many high class people was apparent as growth and human spirit was not possible under conditions of social oppression. Also the establishment did nothing about the poor working conditions. In the 18th century poetry was used to spread news about life in general. Blake made a lot of reference to the bible in most of the poems he wrote. In his poems his ideas are powerful and convincing. Blake did not agree with political radicalism, he was strongly anti-establishment (government monarchy). He believed everyone should be as a liberating force. The need of individual imagination was important to Blake and the feeling above reason. He had love of nature and the natural, referring to the world before the industrial revolution, especially in reflecting the spirituality of things. He was against the church as it was an establishment and did nothing about the poor conditions many endured but he was for the religion of Christianity as it is strongly portrayed through his poems with the constant reference to biblical terms. The bible was most easily accessible to Blake as he was self taught. Chimney sweeping was not seen as wrong as child labour was not morally wrong. Blake wanted to show his feelings towards this wrong way of labour. In the 18th century the church did nothing about this cruel situation where children were being treated like slaves. The church let this cruelty act go on, the words of the church were being voiced through the chimney sweeping children. The poem called The Chimney-Sweeper innocence is about a young boy being sold, by his father, into the recruiting of young children to clean chimneys. A boy, the narrator, in this poem is so innocent he doesnt know any better and does not see it as wrong. The father is selling the boy for money, as it mustve been scarce for most dealing with the new ways of the revolution. In this poem Blake is trying to emphasise child labour and uses it from a childs perspective to evoke emotion out of the reader as the reader would more likely feel sorry for a child. His innocence is apparent in the first stanza as in the first verse it is written that the boy is not articulate while yet my tongue could scarcely cry. The boy is unable to pronounce sweep and instead pronounces weep yet again showing his innocence and intensifies his youth. The reader is directly address when it says so your chimney I sweep This triggers guilt in the reader, knowing such a young boy, unable to even pronounce sweep, is cleaning your chimney. At the end of stanza one alliteration is present sweep and in soot o sleep the pronunciation of s shows his progress. In stanza 2 the narrator refers to his friend Theres little Tom Dacre, who cried This gives off the persona of a child as children talk about a friend to put across their feelings on that person. That curled like a lambs back a lamb is a symbol of sacrifice in a biblical sense. Tom is sacrificing himself to cleaning the chimneys this is represented by him having his head shaved. A very vivid image is mentioned in stanza three it talks about Tom having a night mare about his many friends locked up in coffins of black the picture being painted in your mind is relating to the black, also meaning fear and dark, chimneys the boys have to climb and clean. It is suggesting that the sweeping of the chimneys will be the death of them. The term locked up could also suggest that they will be cleaning chimneys forever. Coffin is also a sense of claustrophobia, being locked up inside a coffin or chimney would be considered suffocating. Stanza 4 makes reference to the bible where by an angel is mentioned which is usually sent from god. This stanza is specifically child like as it has a nursery rhyme quality describing the horror of the nightmare in a child like tone. The angel sets the boys free into a field of laughter and play, things they should be doing, it shows just how horrible life was for the boys by contrasting it with what they should have been doing at their age. Then naked and white referring to the boys, in stanza 5, which means innocence as nakedness is a state of innocence in terms of Christianity. In the dream all their bags left behind bags represent what the boys would take to work but as it was left behind it symbolizes work being abandoned. Again god and angels are mentioned showing reference to the bible, one of the books which was most resourceful to Blake. In the last stanza of the poem it shows the long hours the young chimney sweepers do as it says we rose in the dark early hours of the morning. The very last line is very effective because it shows that the boys have been taught to think that working will bring them no harm this is ironic because the work of a chimney sweeper is harmful to them. The overall message Blake is trying to get across to his reader is the immoral manner in which these children are being treated. The second poem, The Chimney-Sweeper (experience) has many similarities between the first poem. It is not narrated by the young chimney sweeper but an on-looker which shows difference between the two poems. It also is a powerful poem trying to convey the wrong nature of child chimney sweepers. The first line of the poem is a contrast where Blake puts A little black thing with the purity and white of the snow. Similar to the first poem where soot and the white of the boys hair is also mentioned, both make use of anthisesis. This creates powerful colour imagery in the readers mind because it is such a contrasting image. The use of the word thing makes the child seem non human unable to distinguish whether it is a boy or a girl. Black is a reference usually made with corrupt and dirty. Black would imply the clothes that the boy is wearing and the black soot from the chimney that has stained his clothes, it also could mean his personality is corrupt and innocence stripped. A link is again made to the first poem where the child can not pronounce the word sweep so instead says weep giving off distress and sadness of the young child. The child is described as little to induce sympathy from the reader as it shows the childs youth. The part of the narrator is made in line 3 where he is shown as a considerate adult by asking where the childs father is. In line 4 it mentions the parents have gone to church to pray, irony is conveyed here because while the parents have gone to pray the child is suffering, showing distance. Regular church goers didnt see chimney sweeping as wrong as did many during this era, so many put their kids into this job. Stanza two line one has a great shock over the reader as the line Because I was happy confuses the reader because it says he was happy that his parents sent him to an early death. Blake throws this sentence at the reader to show how totally wrong it is to violate the purity of a child. Clothes of death the phrase represents the clothes the child has to wear when they become a chimney sweeper which quickly becomes dirty because of the soot it also suggest the fate of the boy that being death. And smiled among the winters snow the snow that surrounds the boy could represent his innocence but once it was taken away from him he became A little black thing amongst the pure snow. The last line shows how the boys have to conform taught me to sing the notes of woe it echoes poem one as the narrator also had to conform and say the notes of woe It shows the corrupt nature of society the society at this age. In the last stanza rhyme and rhythm is apparent but echoes that of a nursery rhyme again relating to the innocent poem. Rhyming is used sing and king as well as a para-rhyme with the two words injury and misery the para-rhyme stunts the poem and throws it off a constant rhythm, the effect could convey the boy as troubled and unhappy because of his hardship. Reference to religion and the church priest are made, similar to the first poem, monarchy is also mentioned by the word king the relevance these references have reflects Blakes writing as Blake did not like the way the church and monarchy largely ignored the problem, it concerned him. The three things Blake felt had failed him, was disappointed in and strongly against is shown through the last line where it says who make up a heaven of our misery. The blind uncaring nature of the monarchy and church is shown by the line they think they have done me no injury The message conveyed in this poem is apparent at the end of the poem where monarchy and the church are attacked and blamed for the cruelty act of chimney sweeping children. How both have power over many yet do nothing to stop it, Blake effectively shows it by putting it in the perspective of a youth as it evokes more sympathy. The structure of the poem is similar to the first poem all stanzas are written in lines of four and a similar message is conveyed where nothing is being done about the chimney sweeping children and the problem is accepted and ignored. The poem London gives background to the misery of the poor and the gulf between those in power. The title London is a metaphor since it is not solely on the people of London but about society and mankind in general. The man is dazed, wandering the streets and is hearing the cries of the ones suffering chimney sweeps, sighs of the hapless soldier and feels the society should do something about them, the man represents William Blakes views. Mans lack of freedom is apparent in this poem and is the point trying to be made. Blake believed in an equal society and the only way the human spirit could exist and grow happily, he did not believe in human oppression. Control is constantly mentioned throughout the poem. For example in the first stanza chartered is mentioned which means governed by law. It clearly says in the second line that the Thames is chartered which is impossible because you cant control a river. It shows Londons extreme extent of control at that time. Even the mention of chartered streets suggests an uptight lack of freedom setting for Blakes contemporary people. The most powerful metaphor used in this poem is mind-forged manacles found in stanza two the last line. Manacles associated with restriction unable to have absolute freedom, also a common object associated with prison, imprisonment and portraying deep human truth. Mind-forged means the manacles have been created by peoples mind set trapping everyone in restrictions that must be followed. The image created via this metaphor would be a distinct one for Blakes contemporary day because convicts would be seen on the streets making their way to prison or commonly in London, during that era, off to ships for transportation to Australia. The metaphor strongly demonstrates Blakes belief, that the lack of freedom came from the ideas and outlooks placed on them by external authority, mentally people were controlled. The repetition of the word every is a word commonly used in stanza 2 it is to emphasize that everyone is effected by this state of depression and lack of freedom. It is also written in stanza one although relating to the amount of people that have the mark of weakness and woe. Mark is another word repeated found in the first stanza it is to signify the look of distress that is etched on their faces also to mark the lines that have been created because of their worries and weakness. A reference is made that links to The Chimney-Sweeper innocence and experience; this portrays Blakes obvious strong disagreement with the treatment of child chimney sweepers as he mentions them a lot. The next line in stanza 3 says Every blackning church appalls churches at that time were black because of the pollution present and soot coming from the chimneys. On a deeper meaning it could be said that the churches ignorant behavior towards the chimney sweepers problem has blackened them with shame. The irony is that the church is meant to be helpful place where many seek for help but the church chose to ignore and over look the problem. This is what Blake noticed unlike the people living in his society. The second strong image that is painted to the reader is the hapless soldiers sigh They show weakness and woe because they had fought in the French revolution and Runs in blood down palace walls Blake is trying to show that by oppressing freedom of speech, in England, at that time by the government the unhappiness of the English soldier could, its causes were ignored, lead to similar bloodshed here. Images of darkness are made similar to Blakes poems of the Chimney Sweeper (Experience) and (Innocence) through midnight streets The last image that Blake highlights has a shock factor because it talks about child prostitution. This can be seen as a type of child labour similar to Blakes view of the child chimney-sweepers, however instead they are child prostitutes. Also both youths lose their innocence through what society decides to ignore. Youthful harlots emphasises their youth and harlots gives a biblical tone. Blasts the new-born infants tear shows the birth of the child is not a happy event but a curse for the prostitute as it wasnt born out of love but through commerce. The new-born will only mean having to support the child with money, which these young children didnt have, it just continued the cycle of misery. The marriage hearse an oxymoron, what Blake is trying to convey is that the wedding carriage is basically a hearse leading to a kind of death. Men usually didnt marry out of love so would be unfaithful to their wives, they would usually contract a disease from the young harlot, said as the plague in the poem, and then pass it on to their wives and any babies that the married couple may want to have. This contradicts the idea of marriage which is a time that is meant to symbolise joy the contradiction is apparent through the word hearse Blake makes many of his messages clear in this poem, such as the abuse of child prostitutes by cruel adults and the abuse of chimney sweepers. He does this by stating their sad emotion, chimney sweepers cry the hapless soldiers sigh and youthful harlots curse these descriptions have a strong effect on the reader as they simply explain the hardship different people are going through. Blake makes sure he bases it on a wide range of people to convey to his reader that it is affecting everyone not just a small group of society. The Title of the poem The Human Abstract is a poem about the human spirit; abstract suggests non definite intangible quality found in the human brain. He uses a tree to represent the human brain and how it is easily controlled. Blake uses nature to convey his ideas this is shown in the poem A poison tree as well as this poem. His respect for nature is apparent and makes him a romantic writer. The poem has constant rhythm; the rhythm change helps present subject and tone. This poem is hard to understand and the least easy to depict the social message compared to the evil of anger, which Blake explains in A Poison Tree. The structure of Blakes poem consists of 6 stanzas and simple lines to convey his complicated messages. The rhyme scheme is ABAB although odd Para-rhymes are present for example fly and mystery. Many components of this poem echo the bible such as imagery and words. The first stanza has an arrogant tone one which is strange to Blakes writing. The reason for this verse is to show the attitude of several people in the society Blake was living in. A different tone to the rest of the poem is given where the phrases are stated as facts. Blake through the first stanza states that pity, an act of compassion, would not be possible if someone was not poor. Although Blake chose the word make as if society forces people into poverty so they can receive pity. The same is done with the word Mercy if mercy was not present if everyone was happy. Blake could be describing the way life was and trying to put across his message in an ironic way by placing it in the uncaring tone. The stanza is relevant to contemporary times but would shock many in Blakes time because British society was built on the principles of clear inequality, Blake certainly didnt approve of this inequality. An immediate tone change is made after the first stanza where the rest of the poem argues with stanza 1. Through out this poem Blake uses a lot of antithesis, also done in The Chimney-Sweeper, for example selfish love through these controversy phrases and words Blake might be trying to show everyone has an ulterior motive to anything which is usual an act of good nature. He puts mutual fear and peace in the same line trying to convey that there is only peace because would-be enemies are living in fear of each other. Blake makes good use of personification, Cruelty knits a snare, and the use of the word cruelty adds an uneasy quality. Cruelty in this poem is suggesting that all of us have some of this quality in each of us. The suggestion is that Cruelty makes a knitted snare and spreads his bait with care. The image is a strong one because the word choice is odd, knit and care is often associated with care and to place it with cruelty and bait makes it sinister. It then moves onto cruelty sitting with holy fears and watering the ground, to grow the plant, with tears Again images created are vivid and help explain his ideas, things seen as good acts and kindness have been transformed and linked with pitiless words to make it menacing. The tree that is growing is being made up of unappealing qualities Humility takes its roots. To show the tree is not something of beauty and nature soon spreads the dismal shade The colour image created is darkness and creates mystery, often used in Blakes poetry, darkness and mystery foretells the unknown which scares many because it links with fear. Nature is apparent by the mention of a caterpillar and fly which feed on the mystery, they could represent the idea of corruption and sickness. Biblical reference is often pinpointed by Blake, fruit of deceit this reminds us of the Garden of Eden and the fall from grace. This once more makes the reader see the tree as sinister with the inviting fruit that is actually deceitful. Mentioning of the raven conveys bad things as it is seen as a symbol of death. The raven is creating a nest with the thickest shade suggests mystery and shadows of the Human Abstract described. The word Thickest shows its the worst of death and that it is inevita ble. The last line of the poem obviously states the concept of the whole poem that the mysterious tree that has been growing made up of cruelty; humility etc is simply found in the human mind. Blake conveys that its existence is metaphorical rather than literal but the use of a tree shows the stages of growth and how the things surrounding it affect the way it is. The last line is very simple, conflicting with the rest of the poem, and accepting of this idea it shows the accepting nature of the society that Blake was surrounded by. The abstract way in which Blake described the human mind is far from clear given life isnt clear so the poem represents a humans life. The next poem is A Poison Tree a simple poem able to hold and reveal complicated messages. A Poison tree shares the nature aspect with The Human abstract the idea of a tree growing. Although The human abstract tree represents good and evil being part of every ones spirit and mind. In A Poison Tree the growing tree symbolises the growing of hate when anger is not expressed. The title is a central metaphor; its ironic because trees arent perceived as poisonous. The poem A Poison Tree is about anger and if kept inside could grow and become poisonous to one and others. Reference to the bible, like in The Human Abstract, is constantly made and the reader has to have some amount of knowledge on the bible, many in Blakes time understood his references as the bible was the most common book. All through out this poem the rhyming scheme is AABB. Similar to The Human abstract William Blakes mention of nature is common, linking him to the Romantic Movement. Blake conveys, simply, in the first stanza that when angry with your friend you express to them your anger and it will end. He put it simply by using the two words friend and end. Although it is a different situation when angry with your foe, by not expressing his feelings to his foe the anger grew insinuated through the words foe and grow It has a nursery rhyme like quality with simple choice of language and regular rhythmic words. Child-like ton is present I was angry He indicate that his anger and hatred has taken the form of a tree by the term watered By watering the plant with his tears and fears (metaphorically) it will encourage his hatred. The smiles and deceitful wiles represents the sunshine, simple natural metaphor. It could also represent the false attitude towards the foe. The tree then bears an apple, indication of the bible, the story of Adam and Eve where the couple is forbidden to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge the fruit being an apple. The apple, since it is forbidden is tempting. In this poem the apple is suspicious when it is described as shiny; shiny also makes the apple seem tempting. The foe steels the apple because he knew that it was mine. Darkness is again mentioned in Blakes poem when night had veiled, it is also mentioned in London to represent sinister acts. The narrator is cunning because he uses the apple to capture the enemy knowing that he would eat it because it belonged to him. A sense of immediacy is brought to our attention in the last two lines by the use of enjambment and quick change from past to present. The narrator finds his enemy dead after eating the tempting apple. At this point he is pleased Glad I see My foe outstretched beneath the tree This shocks the reader because the extent he has gone to because he did not express his anger, it then becomes apparent that the narrator is no longer feeling anger but wrath. The way he dies is quick and simple and shows anyone can feel hatred to this extent and perform this cunning deed. Simply Blake conveyed the message that if anger is expressed its good and relieving but if held, it turns into resentment, fear and hatred grows. William Blakes poems do not fit the age in which they were written as his ideas and messages he attempted to put forward have a contemporary outlook. The poems reflect the type of society Blake was living in. In each poem he expresses different controversial ideas; In The Chimney-Sweep Innocence and Experience he puts forward the immoral use of child labourers by putting it in the perspective of a child. In London it is stated how people are controlled easily and how he was against inequality. The message in The Human Abstract however complicated, talks about the human mind and how good and evil are two correlating things. Lastly in A Poison Tree Blake makes it clear that hate, to the extent of wrath, can be present in anyone, and that fear can grow into hate if not expressed. Today Blakes views would not be condemned and most would agree with his ideas. William Blakes views were strongly portrayed in his poems through his poetic devices, language, tone and structure.

Hindu Astrology and Free Will :: essays research papers

Friends when we talk about astrology, we mess up in rajyogas, duryogas, auspicious incidents, inauspicious happenings and so on. I don't think we ever proceed to search out 'seriously' beyond that. Then comes out the most controversial and debated subject what we call 'free will'. If everything has been pre-destined, what the hell we are striving for? Is there any devil writing our fates all the time and having fun? A big No, all the saints say that nobody else, but we alone are responsible for our plight. Vivekananda says "Stand upon your feet and take the responsibility of your present prevailing circumstances instead of being a coward escapist passing all the blames upon Almighty." Our Seers were not mere astrologers or fortune tellers, but they were inventors. Without the help of any external aid they located so much just by going deep inside. They located the laws of nature and their influence upon human beings. If we just make a go with different yogas, then astrology seems to be mere fatalism unable to extend any aid to come out of the vicious circle what we term as destiny. In this case astrology seems to have lost its ground. The predestination of fate leaves astrology meaningless. Simply because the past has already passed, the present has been decided and the future has already been written. I started astrology in the year 1998. Till the end of 2003 I was an incurable fatalist. During these 5 years I read almost all the literature of Vivekananda and Yogananda, the famous kriya yogi who left his human body in the year 1950. In those books I read a lot about the so called free will of human beings but with little conviction. Since as an Astrologer I was witnessing almost regularly that destiny couldn’t be altered. But the last two years changed my whole perception. I understood well what those great saints meant to say. When they talked about the free will, they were not concerned merely about the human body made of five tatvas of Nature namely water, air, earth, fire and ether. In all actuality they were talking about the free will of the spirit, which inhabits one and all. The body and mind are bounded in the Nature's laws, and therefore, enjoy very little freedom. When you go by the commands of mind, you gradually nullify yourself by being the slave of senses.

Advantages and disadvantage of Going Green Essay

The major advantage, undoubtedly, is that the use of green technology reduces the pollution of the environment. The damage that is usually done to the environment when hotels use diesel products is very catastrophic. Diesel products emit a lot of hydrocarbons into the air that cause global warming, which is known to hamper marine life and make some species of the marine bio diversity extinct. However this can be avoided if the industry adopts green technology. The industry has also come alive to the fact that ecotourism is a major attraction to many people who want to conserve the world we live in. People appreciate and value those involved in environmental conservation and majority like being associated with them. The adoption of green technology by the hospitality industry improves the public image that people have towards the industry. The world today is doing everything to combat global warming which is seen as a major threat to future earnings of almost each sector in the global economy. Tax Savings Significant federal tax benefits are associated with going green and several deductions apply for the cost of energy-efficient improvements. Some states also give green building tax credits. Reduced Costs One of the main benefits of hotels going green is that business owners get to considerably lower their operating costs. By turning environmentally friendly, hotels can see a 30 percent reduction in their costs.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Disadvantages: Potential clients may not believe that green design can be luxurious. (â€Å"Just because you’re green doesn’t mean you don’t have a particular style, or can’t produce a certain luxury. People are starting to understand that, but it was a real hurdle.†-Lori Dennis, a Los Angeles-based interior designer) Sourcing furniture, fixtures, and materials is more work. Even though options are improving, â€Å"the range of choices is narrower, and you’re doing more work,† to find everything from energy efficient lighting to low-flow faucets to natural upholstery fabrics. (Lori Dennis, a Los Angeles-based interior designer) When you can’t find what you want, you have to make it yourself. â€Å"That’s a con, because it’s a lot of work, but it’s also a pro, because it’s fun and, before you know it, you’ve designed a whole new product range.†(Lori Dennis, a Los Angeles-based interior designer)

CASE: Pizza USA †An Exercise in Translating Customer Requirements Into Process Design Requirements Essay

Production & Operations Management Pizza USA is a chain of pizza restaurants that currently offers sit-down and take-out service. Many customers have said that they would buy more pizzas from Pizza USA if it offered a delivery service. This exercise is in two parts. In Part I, you play the customer. In Part II, you play the manager at Pizza USA who is responsible for developing the pizza delivery process design requirements. PART I To start with, you have to think like a customer. This should be easy since you probably have experience with ordering pizza to be delivered. Put that experience to work! Make a list of the attributes of pizza delivery that are important to you AS A CUSTOMER! As we said, this should be easy. Right? Or is it? In devising your list, consider the following: What must a pizza delivery service accomplish so that you are reasonably satisfied? Beyond your being reasonably satisfied, what could a pizza delivery service do that would make it really unique and create a differential advantage? In other words, what could a pizza delivery service do that might cause you to ALWAYS order from one particular service (and, perhaps, to pay more for the privilege)? Assume that this pizza restaurant can make whatever kind of pizza (and side items) that you want. PART II Now, put on your â€Å"Pizza USA manager’s hat.† For this part of the exercise, you will NOT be teamed with some other students. First, using the lists of all of your team members, create a master list. Next, try to group the items on your list under a series of major headings; for example, â€Å"condition of the delivered pizza† or â€Å"quick, on-time delivery† or â€Å"order accuracy,† and so on. Finally, make a list of the â€Å"pizza delivery process design requirements† that your pizza delivery process will have to meet. As you do this, think about measurable standards; in other words, what would you measure in order to ensure that your process is operating effectively and efficiently? Why do you think that these measures will be useful? Here’s an example of how a part of this analysis could go. One customer requirement may be that the pizza should be hot when it is delivered. The fact is that  as soon as the pizza comes out of the oven, it starts to cool. So, how could you keep the pizza from dropping below some minimum temperature before you hand it to your customer? †¢ Make sure that in question 3, you identify quantitative measurements. (See the second paragraph of Part II.) ASSIGNMENT 1 Make a list of pizza delivery attributes that are important to you as a customer. 2 Categorize your list of items under a series of major headings. 3 Make a list of pizza delivery process design requirements. Associate with each requirement a measure that would ensure that the process meets the requirement. CASE: Pizza USA – An Exercise in Translating Customer Requirements Into Process Design Requirements 1. Make a list of pizza delivery attributes that are important to you as a customer. Quick order taking: is important that when calling the restaurant to place the order, they answer and take the order in a timely manner. Pizza arrives on time: customers want their delivered as soon as possible. Pizza is hot: is important for the pizza to be kept hot as it arrives. 2. Combine your list with the lists of a few other class members and categorize the items under a series of major headings. Good customer service Good food quality Fast delivery service 3. Make a list of pizza delivery process design requirements. Associate with each requirement a measure that would ensure that the process meets the requirements. Customer call (take order) Failure: Incorrect order Poka-yoke: Double-check order with customer before proceeding Place order and process payment Failure: system failure/cannot process payment Poka-yoke: provide cash payment option Prepare pizza Failure: delay during preparation Poka-yoke: notify customer and provide a discount/ extra product (i.e. free dessert) Deliver pizza Failure: delay during delivery Poka-yoke: provide discount coupon 4. Design a process that meets your requirements. Describe it by using a flowchart similar to those shown in Exhibits 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6. Stage: 1: preliminary activities Stage 2: Customer ServiceStage 3: Work performance

Proposal Essay Guidelines and Outstanding Ideas

Proposal Essay Guidelines and Outstanding Ideas Topic Ideas for Your Proposal Essay The main goal of proposal essays is to propose a certain idea and back it with solid arguments in order to persuade the audience whether the chosen idea is bad or good. Imagine yourself being a salesperson. Your main goal is to persuade the customer why he or she should buy jewelry, a painting or any other item. In such example, the item is your idea, and the buyer is your audience. If it is your first time working on a proposal essay, you may feel nervous. However, if you choose a proper topic and follow the guidelines of real experts, you will be able to complete the task with ease. Below you will find all the necessary instruments to create a flawless proposal essay! Content of a proposal essay Every assignment has a particular outline, a number of elements and paragraphs it should contain. A proposal essay is not an exception and should include the following elements: The first part of your essay should provide the reader with background data and the most important details, which you want to let the audience know before getting started. Your introduction should be attention-grabbing and encourage the audience to read further. Don’t forget that the last sentence of this paragraph should contain a thesis statement; Statement of purpose. This short section aims to inform the audience on your proposal. That is the idea you want readers to accept. Don’t include any details, which you are going to discuss in the rest of the paper; Action plan. In this section you need to explain in what ways you are planning to achieve your proposal. What makes it valid? In this section you must persuade the audience to accept your ideas. Devote a separate paragraph for every evidence or argument; In the final section of your essay make a summary of the main points and add a call-to-action if it is appropriate. Never include new details, as there is no place for additional facts in a conclusion. Proposal essay writing tips Conduct thorough research to collect as many facts as possible; Every claim and idea should be backed with evidence; Sources you use should be reliable, so never use websites and posts, which are not credible; Cite every source properly not to be accused of plagiarism; Show how good your vocabulary is and try not to overuse certain words and phrases; Stay away from informal speech and slang; Instead of discussing multiple various ideas, choose maximum five and provide the reader with their detailed description. However, what a student should do, when he has all the freedom of choosing the topic independently? First, never panic and read a list of outstanding ideas we have in store! 100 topics for your proposal essay We guarantee that proposal essay writing is much simpler than it seems even if your teacher is trying to scare you. If you choose a good topic and conduct thorough research, you will surely succeed. We have collected outstanding topics and divided them into categories for your convenience. So just choose the one you like the most and get started! Education Education is one of the most popular and controversial subjects, which has lots of conflicts to discuss. Some people want more freedom to students, others demand more respect for teachers. Just pick the most suitable topic and choose which side you are on! Is it possible to get additional funding or airtime for science shows on TV? How learning foreign languages contributes to our education? What are the most effective ways to improve reading comprehension among students? Should sex education classes be given in every school? How should teachers influence bullying in classes? Ways to improve courses in foreign languages; Grading of students at schools; Most of the famous inventors were misbehaving at schools. Should teachers give their students more freedom to learn from their own mistakes? How can the modern grading system be fixed and improved? How teachers, parents and society encourage children to study science? Health With years a common phrase ‘Healthy mind in a healthy body’ becomes more and more important because we tend to eat junk food, try alcohol or smoking earlier and neglect sports. That is why writing about health issues can be a great choice. How can childhood obesity be reduced? What should parents do to help their children lead a healthy lifestyle? How can smoking among teenagers be reduced? How can every citizen get free health care? How to persuade children not to try drugs? Should antidepressants be banned? Can they lead to suicides? What steps should be done towards increasing healthcare funding? The best measures for preventing drunk driving deaths; Babies, born from in-vitro fertilization have higher risks of birth malformations. Isn’t it better to adopt children? How to get funding for cancer researches? Students’ lifestyle Such topics are the most simple to write about since you are a student and know the situation from the inside. You can even share your personal experience or choose topics, which will be relevant to your surrounding. How can parents help their children to deal with bullying? Should children of divorced parents have sessions with psychologists in order to build a happy life and marriage, succeed in school and relationships? How parents can encourage children to find hobbies and new interests? How can we reduce alcohol consumption among children? How high school curriculum can be improved? Is it possible to protect students from pressure? How to make children responsible? Are there any effective ways to make children disciplined? Is it possible to create a healthy environment in class, which will give children enough freedom and will still teach them authority? The simplest way to get parents involved in their child’s education. Environment Environmental issues are very popular at the moment and every person has an opinion about global warming, fossil fuels and other important issues. When choosing such a topic, you can get lots of information from credible sources and create a well-structured essay. How can obsolete lifestyle be changed? Is being vegan the only way for protecting animals? What every individual can do to help save the planet? Is there a way to prevent teenage pregnancies? Should every country promote bicycle usage inside the cities? How plastic bags problem can be solved? What are the best ways to create effective dog bite laws? Should particular breeds be banned or there should be more training courses for owners? Why vegans can’t be respectful towards opinion and lifestyle of others, while they demand respect to their own choices? Should there be sex education courses in every school in order to reduce teenage pregnancy rates? How can we contribute to saving rainforests? Technologies Internet and technologies have a great impact on our generation. That is why topics on technologies are very wide and interesting, giving students complete freedom of choices. Is it possible to reduce technology dependence individually? Should every child be taught how to use the Internet responsibly? Ways of protecting personal information from thefts online; Cost-effectiveness of wireless technologies; Is it useful to use modern technologies in libraries? Ways to prevent cyber crimes; Is it possible to stop bullying online? Are there ways of keeping sensitive data in a secure way? Are teachers dependent on technologies? Can technology be harmful to the society? Sports Sport is closely related to health issues and makes up a big part of modern society. Controversial issues, dramas and news make sports a great topic to discuss in your proposal essay. Should college sportsmen get paid? Is it possible for a college to manage education, sports and business wisely? What is the best encouragement for new athletes? How should players and coaches talk to journalists after losing an important game? Is it better to legalize steroids instead of prohibiting them? Should media give better coverage of sports? If yes, what kinds of sports should be broadcasted more often? Should players be prepared for possible future injuries or even inability to participate? Why hunting should be prohibited? Is it necessary to ban extreme kinds of sports? Should cyber sportsmen be considered real athletes? Benefits of regular sports and exercises to teenagers. How various kinds of activity (running, swimming, weightlifting) influence our mood? Culture Culture is a very broad topic, which may include such controversial issues as racism, discrimination, tolerance and bullying. That is why when choosing culture as your proposal essay topic, you need to be very attentive and careful not to harm someone’s feelings. What are traditional family values; How to make sure your children treat others in a respectful manner; How the government should help minorities lead a regular lifestyle in areas, where they are discriminated? How every citizen can contribute to a tolerant attitude in the US society; Is there something to be done with the absence of morality in social media? How to improve bad behavior of children; Why morality is considered a flaw, while bad attitude is widely celebrated? What are the best ways to raise a responsible, well-behaved and kind child? Business Business rules the world, creating wrong expectations and adding lots of issues to our everyday life. Even without knowing we become a part of the business world whether we are owning a shop or make purchases in a store nearby. Should bankruptcy become an option? What measures should be taken to protect smaller enterprises from various economic problems? How trust to the business society can be cultivated? Is it possible to support local businesses and protect them from corporations? Should every customer be able to report the wrong treatment and lies of companies? Is there a way to eliminate unemployment? When should parents start teaching their children about money? How to encourage professional teachers not to leave their occupation? How youth can find an occupation of their dreams? Should employers have a right to check private emails at work? History Every student has a personal view of various historical events, which is worth sharing! Even the most boring historical issue can become a bright story with a proper approach. Division of gender responsibilities in ancient Rome; Impact of female leaders on the world’s history; Main interests of the Paleolithic society; What are the most important events, which shaped the modern world? How would the world change if the winner of the WW II was the opposite side? Influence of slavery abolition on the modern US; Influence of hippie movement on the promotion of drug usage; What caused the Roman Empire fall; Influence of Karl Marx on society; Impact of communism on modern Russia. Politics Considering the country of your residence, you can choose topics, which cause interest of the society. You can write about the improvement of the political situation, promoting new ideas and approaches. How to prevent future economic crises? Ways to make an effective electoral system; Is it possible to protect elections from outside interference? How to lower the national debt? Are we a nation of credits and debts? What can be done about it? Should prisoners have a right to vote or only those, who are on probation? How to improve the living conditions of veterans; Ways how espionage laws violate freedom of speech; Is it possible to regulate illegal immigration? Ways of improving social and medical programs. Music and art For those of students, who don’t like controversial or difficult topics, there is always a chance to write about music and art. Such issues are always interesting to write about and you have the freedom to share your own story with the audience. Should governments support new artists and musicians? Benefits of individualism for modern society; What musicians and artists had the biggest impact on your personality? What is your favorite painting? Why? Fashion trends of the 21st century; Impact of British singers on the modern US market; What is the New Wave movement? Peculiarities of culture after the end of the WW II; Evolution of music for the past ten years; Can rap be considered music? Closing thoughts When you are working on a proposal essay, your main goal is to provide several ideas on a chosen topic and to convince the audience to accept them. Consider yourself a salesperson, who needs to convince someone to purchase a certain item. Use ideas mentioned above and you will never experience any troubles. Once your essay is ready, make sure you check it line by line and eliminate all the mistakes to make your text readable, interesting and flawless!

Challenges Facing the Field of Organizational Change Management

In the modern day business world, organizations are facing more changes than it has been witnessed ever before. One of the factors that have brought about the rapid change is globalization that has led to an increase in today’s market’s growth and revenue increase. Organizational change management is a field that gives guidelines for preparation, equipping and supporting individuals to be successful in adopting change with the view of driving organizational success and outcomes. However most of the changes and individuals are unique, research has proven that some actions can be taken to influence affected people in their transitions. It is a discipline that provides a structured approach of how individuals can be supported in their organization to be able to successfully transit from their current status to that if the future  (Dyer, 2017). Most precisely, organizational change management is a framework that is aimed at managing the effect of new business processes ch anges in the structure of an organization or enterprise cultural changes. While there are laid approaches towards change management, there also exist several challenges in the same field  (Buchanan, 2014). The primary aim of this paper is to explore the challenges facing the organizational change management field. The exploration will involve a literature review in the challenges facing the field of organizational change management followed by a critique of the same. Different authors have taken an interest in the subject of organizational change management, probably because it is a critical subject that determines how organizations are likely to adapt to changes in their organizations. According to different schools of thought, various challenges are associated in the field. However different authors take different angles in analyzing the challenges, their arguments seem to have a common focal point. According to one school of thought, organizations either change or remain the same. According to the author, one of the challenges in the field of organizational change management is resistance to change. The author argues that people are status quo biased and that they are willing to get low pay struggling to get into a stable organization  (Gioia, 2016). He further argues that resistance to change usually has political motives and that people tend to resist changes whose origin is political adversaries. He argues that people may resist a change directly either through political influence or indirectly through passive aggressive behavior. According to the author, another challenge is an unknown current state. He says that it would be difficult for an architect to repair a building without first looking at the existing blueprints. He claims that most of the organizations often try to change without having a glimpse at their blueprints, something that fuels the complexity of the building’s architecture. This blind move makes it difficult to transition to a future state  (Lewis, 2017). Another challenge is integration. The author likens managing a large organization to repairing an aircraft while it's still on the flight. He says that change is a moving target and therefore implementing a process will change the business processes it supports. He further argues that changing n organizational structure will lead to employee turnover occurring in parallel. He concludes by saying that long-running changes with many integration points are usually prone to failure. Another challenge according to this author is competitive forces. He says that in most of the times organizational change is influenced by external forces such as competition, technological change, market conditions, external threats and economic forces. Organizations may plan to change to respond to external threats. He argues that however if a competitor releases a product that is many years ahead of your product chances are there that you are driven to an extreme pace of change whose likelihood of failure is too high  (De Massis, 2018). According to the same author, another challenge in the organizational change management field is complexity. He says that when organizations develop more complex systems, processes and product change become very challenging to make and therefore complexity of a change is a big barrier. He argues that complex changes need an effective and efficient project, quality, knowledge, risk and change management. He concludes by giving a change management principle that says that one should never tackle a change which is too complex for his organization to manage. According to another school of thought, one of the challenges facing organizational change management is planning. The author argues that without stepwise planning an organizational change would bring about more problems than the benefits it is anticipated to bring. He argues that you need to precisely need to know which changes are to take place and how they’ll occur. Overall, the author advises prior planning of how the change will be executed. According to the same author, another challenge is lack of consensus  (Ololube, 2017). He argues that failing to involve everyone in the corporate changes will lead to increased barriers to the change execution. He advises that a decision to make corporate changes should originate from the top organizational level. He also says that the associated management level staff should be present to be in a position to deal with the challenges otherwise the staff will dissent. Another challenge according to the same author is failing communication. He argues that failing to communicate to all employees in the organization beforoe the change brings about fear and rumors in the entire organization especially if facing major changes such as downsizing or emergence. Communication failure brings about the uncertainty that makes the employees feel that they are not part of the decision  (Pettigrew, 2016). He advises involvement of employees and updating them regarding the plans and progress towards the implementation of the change. Another challenge is employee resistance. He argues that sometimes employees resist change especially when they had become comfortable with the way their organization runs. It is because they have been used to what is expected of them in the organization. He argues that some major changes disrupt the familiarity of the employees thereby making them upset. In this case, the employees are not willing to relearn their jobs or change th e way they used to undertake their duties. That becomes an enorbigmous challenge. He concludes by advising that provision of training for any new responsibilities as well as supporting then will ease the transition. Now, according to another school of thought, one of these challenges is lack of employee involvement. He argues that that is the main and common barrier to effective change management  (Senge, 2015). He argues that most of the employees have a fear towards change and that there is the likelihood that even the most loyal employees would resist the change if they were not involved. He further argues that failing to involve employees in the change execution process lead to fear of the unknown and the lack of desire to support the change which eventually becomes very challenging  (Grosser, 2015). According to the same author, another challenge is lack of effective communication strategy. He argues that in some organizations when some of the top leaders announce a change and assume that people will automatically adjust to the new change which is not the case  (Meyer, 2015). The author argues that this approach is the silliest way to introduce a change and therefore it usually leads to change resistance. He says that employees need to know how the change will affect them as well as how they will be able to adapt it. Another challenge according to this school of thought is bad culture shift planning. The author argues that sometimes the planning team lacks the idea that the change will affect the people. He claims that in most of the times the team concentrates on planning the administrative structure, job responsibilities and work reporting structure ignoring decisions regarding feelings and intuitions. By so doing, that becomes a challenge to change management  (Kiefer, 2014). Another challenge according to this author is an unknown current state. He says that many organizations tend to introduce and to implement a change without assessing and understanding their current blueprint. He suggests that this can be overcome through a full understanding of the current corporate's blueprint before formulating or implementing any change. Another challenge is organizational complexity. He argues that sometimes organizations start developing complex processes, something that makes the process of planning and implementing a change very challenging  (Stensaker, 2015). He argues that these complexities include complex products, processes, and systems which act as change barriers because they are difficult for the organization members to understand. He suggests a solution that an organization can counter this barrier by making use of a quality, diligent and effective change management approach  (Tushman, 2016). He says that it is wise not to tackle a change that is too complex for an organization. He also advises that it is not wise to implement complex changes if the organization does not have the maturity to handle the complex change. According to the literature review conducted above concerning the challenges facing the organizational change management field, it has been evident that different authors have different approaches to the same subject as well as different thoughts and ideas. However, at some point, their arguments have the same baseline. In considering the first author, his arguments are precisely true, and much evidence has been garnered to support the arguments. As seen in the above literature review, the author has come up with the challenges that are facing organizations in the contemporary world. It seems that the author conducted enough research to know what the modern day organizations are facing  (Kuipers, 2015). The explanations provided by the author are valid and convincing. Taking an example, the author said that one of the challenges facing organizational change management is resistance to change. He began by hinting that people are status quo biased and went ahead to prove the same by showing that they can easily opt to get a lower pay to get into a stable organization rather than getting a higher pay in a changing organization. He goes ahead and provides the reason as to why people may resist change and finally illustrates how they resist the change. That is a sure indication of enough pre-conducted research on the study topic. However the author has strong points, he is too brief. The author is dedicated to tackling key points rather than giving full explanations, and this is one of the drawbacks of his piece. According to his principle on complexity barrier, organizations should not tackle complex changes  (Buck, 2015). This principle, however workable, is a discouragement to organizations as it drives that view that some impossibilities in change management are beyond solution  (Kiel, 2014). That is not true, in the business world, every problem has a solution, and therefore the author should have given a solution to the problem rather than arguing for not giving it a trial. The second author has taken the topic at a different angle. He has looked at the challenges of organizational change management from the employee’s point of view rather than the organizational point of view. He has looked at the factors that may make the employees unwilling to adjust to the change such as poor planning, poor communication as well as lack of consensus. The arguments are true and have enough explanations. The author has in fact taken time to deeply explain his arguments so that they can be easily understood. The challenges given by the author apply to organizations in the modern day business world and thus helpful. While his arguments are true and practical, the author should not have looked at the challenges in the employees’ point of view only  (Cameron, 2015). The author should also have looked at the same in the organization perspective such as competitive forces, an unknown current state among others. That would have been more helpful. The third author has not done any research concerning the subject. His arguments are just a copy cut of the first author’s arguments. As seen from the literature review, the same challenges given by the first author are the same challenges given by the third author. The author lacks originality and distortion of initial message in the zeal of attaining uniqueness is evident. His arguments are weak with the usage of offensive words such as â€Å"the silliest approach.† Overall, the author has not introduced anything new on the subject. Change is indisputably one of the hardest things to adapt. This fact poses a major threat to companies wishing to change their structure, systems or operations with the fear that the affected stakeholders may not be willing to accept the change. Many authors have given several challenges, but the bottom line is that employees will hardly accept and adopt changes. However, there is an opportunity to provide solutions for these challenges by proper planning and involving all the affected members. Therefore, organizations should not be afraid of making major changes especially if they bring positive impacts to the company. Buchanan, D., 2014. No going back: A review of the literature on sustaining organizational change. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(8), pp.43-69. Buck, T., 2015. Long-term orientation and international joint venture strategies in modern China. International Business Review, 6(89), pp.58-64. Cameron, E., 2015. Making sense of change management. A complete guide to the models, tools, and techniques of organizational change, 5(7), pp.76-90. De Massis, A., 2018. Counterpoint: How heterogeneity among family firms influences organizational change. Journal of Change Management, 4(9), pp.78-98. Dyer, L., 2017. Studying human resource strategy: An approach and an agenda. Industrial Relations. A Journal of Economy and Society, 45(8), pp.55-78. Gioia, D., 2016. Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during a strategic change in academia. Administrative science quarterly, 59(8), pp.65-84. Grosser, T., 2015. Employee Perceptions of Network Change Following an Organizational Change. In Academy of Management Proceedings. Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, 5(8), pp.63-85. Kiefer, T., 2014. Feeling bad: Antecedents and consequences of negative emotions in ongoing change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 4(8), pp.68-75. Kiel, L., 2014. Managing chaos and complexity in government. A new paradigm for managing change, innovation, and organizational renewal, 5(7), pp.65-78. Kuipers, B., 2015. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public administration, 5(7), pp.67-87. Lewis, S., 2017. Appreciative inquiry for change management. Using AI to facilitate organizational development, 4(76), pp.56-89. Meyer, J., 2015. Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: Test of the three?component model in two cultures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 6(8), pp.53-84. Ololube, N., 2017. Organizational Change Management: Perceptions, Attitude, Application, and Change Management Practices in Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Applied Management Sciences and Engineering, 5(8), pp.5-10. Pettigrew, A., 2016. Studying organizational change and development: Challenges for future research. Academy of management journal, 4(7), pp.57-87. Senge, P., 2015. The dance of change. The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations, 8(45), pp.12-22. Stensaker, I., 2015. Change management choices and trajectories in a multidivisional firm. British Journal of Management, 9(6), pp.61-87. Tushman, M., 2016. Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California management review, 6(8), pp.56-85.